أثـر الحکم الرشيد علـى التنمية الاقتصادية المُستدامة فـي الدول العربية The Impact of Good Governance on Economic Development Sustainability in the Arab Countries

نوع المستند : بحوث باللغة العربیة

المؤلف

قسم العلوم المالية والمصرفية، نائب عميد کلية الاقتصاد، کلية الاقتصاد والعلوم الإدارية، جامعة اليـرموک، المملکة الأردنية الهاشمية

المستخلص

هدف هذا البحث إلـى التعرف علـى أثـر الحکم الرشيد فـي النمو الاقتصادي وتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية المستدامة. وتکمن أهمية ذلک فـي الوقت الذي تمر فيه معظم الدول العربية بحرکات إصلاحية هدفها تحقيق الحکم الرشيد ومحاربة الفساد. ذلک أن المجتمعات أصبحت تُدرک أن التـراجع الاقتصادي والتنموي إنما ناشئ عن الحکم غيـر الصالح. وبالتالـي، ناقش البحث بالتحليل خصائص ومبادئ ومؤشرات الحکم الرشيد وعلاقة کل ذلک بالنمو الاقتصادي، علـى المدى القصيـر، والقدرة علـى إدامته بما يُحقق التنمية الاقتصادية المُستدامة، علـى المدى الطويل. کما تم تطويـر نموذج اقتصادي رياضـي لقياس أثـر الحکم الرشيد فـي إدامة النمو الاقتصادي باستخدام الانحدار المتعدد ذو التأثيـر الثابت. وقد تم تطبيقه علـى مؤشرات الحاکمية والنمو الاقتصادي فـي الدول العربية خلال الفتـرة 1996-2011. وبهدف التأکد من اتجاه العلاقة من الحاکمية للنمو الاقتصادي، وليس العکس، فقد تم عنقدة البيانات واستخدامها فـي نموذج الانحدار المتعدد ذو التأثيـر العشوائـي، الذي أکدت نتائجه ما تم استنتاجه من حيث وجود تأثيـر للحاکمية الرشيدة علـى معدل النمو الاقتصادي فـي الدول العربية. وقد أظهر التحليل أن معدل النمو الاقتصادي مرتبط إيجابياً بمستوى تطويـر المؤسسات والحاکمية فـي الدول العربية. وأن هذه العلاقة غيـر مرتبطة بمستوى دخل الدولة، إذ إن کون الدولة نفطية أم غيـر نفطية لم يُؤثـر فـي هذه العلاقة. کما أظهرت النتائج بأن ليس جميع مؤشرات الحاکمية علـى نفس المستوى من الأهمية فـي التأثيـر النمو الاقتصادي. فلمؤشرات جودة التشريع وسلطة القانون ومحاربة الفساد تأثيـر معنوي علـى النمو الاقتصادي، بينما ليس لمؤشرات المشارکة والمسألة والاستقرار السياسـي وفعالية الحکومة تأثيـر واضح بسبب ضعف الهياکل السياسية ذات الطابع الديموقراطـي، وعدم ملاءمة هذه المؤشرات لثقافة وبيئة المجتمعات العربية، التـي تتصف غالبيتها بضعف الوعـي السياسـي.
This study aims at investigating the impact of good governance on economic growth and development sustainability. The importance of which is derived from what most Arab countries are witnessing nowadays, i.e. Arab Spring, which aimed at acheiving good governance and preventing corruption. Thus, this study discusses the features, principles and indicators of good governance and its relationship with economic growth, on the short-run, and the ability of sustaining economic development, on the long-run.
For the purpose of the study, the six measures of Kaufmann et al. (2010) world-wide governance index are collected for all Arab countries, and used. These are voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption.
The study developed an economitrics model that measures such relationships. It applies fixed-effect multi-regression on good governance and economic growth indicators of Arab countries during (1996-2011). Furthermore, to test the direction of the relationship from good governance to economic growth, the data is clustered and re-used in random-effect multi-regression.
The result shows that good governance has an impact on economic growth, and that the latter is positively related to institutional development effectiveness and governance. These conclusions are not influenced by how much wealthy is the country. Also, the results produced by fixed-effect model are almost the same of those produced by random-effect model. Moreover, not all good governance indicators have the same degree of effect on economic growth. The Rule of law and corruption have a significant impact on economic growth; while that voice and accountability, political instability and violence and government effectiveness have weak effect. Such results can be explained by the weakness of the political structures in the Arab countries.

الكلمات الرئيسية

الموضوعات الرئيسية

المراجع

إبن منظور. (د. ت). لسان العرب، طبعة دار المعارف، سلسلة الروائع 1.
توفیق، راویة. (2005). الحکم الرشید والتنمیة فـی إفریقیة: دراسة تحلیلیة لمبادرة النیباد، معهد البحوث الإفریقیة
‫‫‫العبد، جورج. (2004). عوامل وآثار النمو الاقتصادی والتنمیة فـی الفساد والحکم الصالح فـی البلاد العربیة، مرکز دراسات الوحدة العربیة، بیـروت. ‬
شریف، أثیـر أنور. (2008). دور الحاکمیة فـی عملیة إعداد الموازنة العامة للدولة فـی العراق: دراسة حالة، أُطروحة دکتوراه، کلیة الاقتصاد، جامعة بغداد، العراق.
کریم، حسن. (2004). مفهوم الحکم الصالح، مجلة المستقبل العربی.
 
Adetiba1, Toyin Cotties and Aminur Rahim. (2012). Good Governance and Sustainable Socio-political Development in Nigeria: A Discourse, Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No.10, pp. 132-143.
Ahrens, Joachim. (2009). Governance, Institutional Change, and Economic Policy. Working Paper, Private University of Applied Sciences, Goettingen and European Business School International University, Department of Economics, Oestrich-Winkel, March.
Ajlouni, Moh’d Mahmoud. (2007). “Corporate Governance and Performance: The Case of Jordanian Stock Companies”, in Ahmed, Allam (Editor), Managing Knowledge, Technology and Development in the Era of Information Revolution, Griffith University, Australia and World Association for Sustainable Development, UK, pp. 554-569
Alter, Rolf. (2003). Public Governance For Investment Public Governance and Territorial Development, OECD Press, Paris.
Avellaneda, Sebastian Dellepiane. (2006). Good Governance, Institutions and Economic Development: Beyond the Conventional Wisdom, Paper Presented at the Forum de Recerca, Department de Ciencies Politiques i Socials, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 3rd ed. Mayo.
Barro, Rober. (1996). “Democracy and Growth”, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-27.
Bartle, Ian and Peter Vass. (2006). Economic Regulators and Sustainable Development: Promoting Good Governance, UK: University of Bath, Centre for the Study of Regulated Industries (CRI) Research, Report No. 18, October.
Chang, Ha-Joon. (2007). “Institutional Change and Economic Development: An Introduction (Chapter 1)”, in Ha-Joon Chang (Editor), Institutional Change and Economic Development, NY, USA: United Nation University Press, pp. 1-14.
Daradkah, Demeh and Moh’d Ajlouni. (2013). “Corporate Governance and Dividend Policy: Evidence from the Jordanian Banking Sector”, A Research Paper Presented in: The Third Conference of the Department of Banking and Finance, Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility in the Emerging Markets, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, 18-19 April.
Elbadawi, Ibrahim A. (2005). “Reviving Growth in the Arab World”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, January.
Gray, Hazel. (2007). Governance for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence and New Directions Reviewed, Department for International Development, World Bank June, LSE Research Online.
Gray, Hazel and Khan, Mushtaq (2010) Good governance and growth in Africa: what can we learn from Tanzania? In: Padayachee, Vishnu, (ed.) The Political Economy of Africa. Routledge, London, UK, pp. 339-356. ISBN 9780415480383 
Helpman, E. (2004), The Mystery of Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hitt, A.; Ireland R. Duane and Robert E. Hokinson. (2003). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, USA: Thomson, South–Western, 5th edition.
Kato, Toshiyasu; Jeffrey A. Kaplan; Chan Sophal and Real Sopheap. (2000). Cambodia: Enhancing Governance for Sustainable Development, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Cambodia Development Resource Institute, Working Paper 14, May.
Kaufmann, Daniel; Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: A Summary of Methodology, Data and Analytical Issues, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm2abstract_id=1682130
Kaufmann, Daniel; Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. (2006). Governance Matters V: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005, The World Bank, September.
KKaufmann, Daniel; Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. (2005). Measuring Governance Using Cross-Country Perceptions Data, The World Bank, August.
KaKaufmann, Daniel; Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi. (2004). Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996-2002, The World Bank, April.
Kaufmann, Daniel; Aart Kraay and Zoido-Lobatón Pablo. (1999). Governance Matters. The World Bank Policy Working Paper No. 2196.
Kemp, René; Saeed Parto and Robert B. Gibson. (2005). “Governance for Sustainable Development: Moving from Theory to Practice”, International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 8, No. 1/2, pp. 12-30
Khan, Mushtaq H. (2004). “Corruption, Governance and Economic Development”, in K.S. Jomo and Ben Fine (Editors), The New Development Economics. New Delhi: Tulika Press and London: Zed Press, pp. 1-20
Khan, Mushtaq H. (2006). “Governance and Development”, Paper Presented at: The Workshop on Governance and Development, Organized by the World Bank and DFID in Dhaka, 11-12 November.
Knack, Stephen and Philip Keefer. (1995). “Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures”, Economics and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 207-227.
Landman, T. and J. Hausermann. (2003). Map-Making and Analysis of the Main International Initiatives on Developing Indicators of Democracy and Good Governance, Colchester: Human Rights Centre, University of Essex.
Lovett, Kelly. (2011). Institutional Design and Economic Growth: The Relationship between Bureaucracy and Economic Performance in a Global Economy, March
Matheson, Alex. (2004). “Models Public of Budgeting and Accounting Reform”, OECD journal on Budgeting, Vol. 2, Supplement 4.
Mauro, Paolo. (1995). “Corruption and Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No. 3, pp. 681-712.
North, D. (2005). Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton University Press.
North, Douglass C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
North, Douglass C. and Robert P. Thomas. (1973). The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
OECD. (1995). Governance in Transition: Public Management in OECD Countries, OECD/PUMA, Paris.
Olson, Mancur. (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations. London: Yale University Press.
Olson, Mancur. (1997). “The New Institutional Economics: The Collective Choice Approach to Economic Development”, in Christopher Clague (editor), Institutions and Economic Development, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Parihar, Surinder Singh. (2012). “Good Governance, Sustainable Development and Maximum Social Advantage”, International Journal of Economic Research, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 13-21
Riley, Thomas B. (2003). “E-Covernment vs. E-Governance: Examining the Differences in a Changing Public Sector Climate”, International Tracking Survey, Ottawa, Canada.
Sindzingre, Alice. (2003). Institution and Development: Some Theoretical Elements. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, Paris), May.
Uddin, S. and J. Choudhury. (2008). “Rationality, Traditionalism and the State of Corporate Governance Mechanisms: Illustrations from a Less Developed Country”, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 1026–1051.
Ugur, Mehmet and Nandini Dasgupta. (2011). Corruption and Economic Growth: A Meta-analysis of the Evidence on Low-income Countries and Beyond, MPRA Paper No. 31226, Posted 1. June 2011 15:51 UTC
Ukaga, Okechukwa; Chris Maser and Michael Reichenbach. (2010). Sustainable Development: Principles, Framework and Case Studies, London: Taylor and Francis, CRC Press.
United Nations Development Programme, UNDP. (2002). Arab Human Development Report (AHDR) 2002: Deepening Democracy in a Fragmanted World. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
Verspagen, Bart. (2012). Stylized Facts of Governance, Institutions and Economic Development: Exploring the Institutional Profiles Database, UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series No. 2012-036, French Development Agency (AFD) and the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (Maastricht University – UNUMerit), The Netherlands.
Weiss, T. (2000). “Governance, Good Governance and Global Governance: Conceptual and Actual Challenges”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 795-814.
World Bank. (2012). The Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2012 Update, Aggregate Indicators of Governance 1996-2011, www.govindicators.org
World Bank. (2012). GDP Growth Rate Indicators World 1960-2011, www. worldbank.org
World Bank. (2012). Population Growth Rate World 1960-2011, www. worldbank.org
World Bank. (1992). Governance and Development, The World Bank, Washington.
World Commission on Environment and Development, WCED. (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, p8. Also see: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd13/csd13.htm.

ملفات

شارك

إرسال الاستشهاد إلى

الإحصائيات