Evaluation of Educational Policies of the Jordanian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the Period 2016-2023 in Light of the Evaluation Criteria and Implementation Requirements and their Reflection on Performance from the Prespective of Employees in the Jordanian Higher Education

Abu Hammour, Anan Mohammed; Al-Zoubi, Iman Qasim

doi:10.21608/aja.2025.351395.1774

Evaluation of Educational Policies of the Jordanian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the Period 2016-2023 in Light of the Evaluation Criteria and Implementation Requirements and their Reflection on Performance from the Prespective of Employees in the Jordanian Higher Education

Articles in Press

Document Type : Articles in Arabic

Authors

Department of Public Administration, Yarmouk University

10.21608/aja.2025.351395.1774

Abstract

This study aimed to conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis to evaluate the educational policies of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and the extent to which clear evaluation criteria are applied to the policy drawn up by the Ministry and the extent to which its requirements are achieved, as well as to identify its impact on the performance of higher education policies. In addition to identifying the challenges facing the Ministry in implementing these policies and the most prominent proposals that could contribute to improving the formulation and implementation of Jordanian educational policies through a mixed methodology. The sample consisted of 70 respondents and was conducted using a comprehensive survey method. They were selected using a cluster intentional sampling method. (67) questionnaires were retrieved. (25) University professors in the colleges of business and education in the North were also interviewed.
One of the most significant findings was that the study sample’s evaluation of the appropriateness, flexibility, comprehensiveness, and participation dimensions of Jordan’s higher education policy evaluation during the 2016–2023 period received an overall high score. The variables of gender, age group, experience, educational level, and job title did not significantly alter the sample members’ responses to the evaluative assessments of Jordanian higher education policies. The study sample’s overall evaluation of the requirements for putting Jordan’s higher education policy into practice (system governance, quality assurance, and accreditation, provision of educational opportunities, and financing for education) scored highly, according to the results. Except human resources, which have a moderate degree. The study also discovered that the variables of gender, age, experience, educational level, and job title do not statistically significantly affect the requirements for implementing the Jordanian higher education policy in terms of (system governance, human resources, quality assurance, accreditation, and education financing). Except for the dimension of offering educational opportunities, which is acceptable based on the experience variable, this hypothesis is not suitable for all dimensions.
The survey found that the study sample’s evaluation of the efficacy, responsiveness, continuity, and efficiency of Jordan’s higher education policy had a high overall score. The study found that the combined dimensions of appropriateness, flexibility, comprehensiveness, and participation in Jordanian higher education policies for the period of 2016–2023 did not have a statistically significant effect on performance when compared to their combined dimensions of effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness, and continuity. This hypothesis is valid for the participation variable only and not for the dimensions taken as a whole.mThe variables of offering educational opportunities and financing education separately, as well as the conditions for implementing the higher education policy collectively, had a positive effect on the performance of the Jordanian higher education policy, according to the results. Finally, the study recommended the necessity of maintaining this distinguished level of achievement of evaluation dimensions, the availability of requirements, and high performance through continuous monitoring and development through increased coordination between policy-making and implementing agencies. Regarding the interviews, the main suggestion was the urgent need to develop university systems and higher education institutions. This indicates an urgent need to develop the legislative system in the ministry and adhere to quality standards, by improving quality and linking it to performance.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Public Administration

References

Arabic references

Abu Hammad, Anan (2010). Management by Objectives and Its Impact on Supporting Organizational Loyalty and Administrative Creativity in the Jordanian Government Sector: A Field Study from the Perspective of Middle Management Directors in Ministry Centers. Unpublished master's thesis, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.

Abu Hammad, Anan & Abu Hamda, Sarah (2022). The Impact of Information Quality on the Effectiveness of Administrative Decision-Making: A Field Study from the Perspective of Supervisory Management Directors in Jordanian Ministry Centers. Arab Journal of Administration, 42(2), 197-222.

Abu Hammad, Anan & Al-Shiyab, Ahmed (2010). Contemporary Administrative Concepts. Amman: Academics for Publishing and Distribution.

Ahmed, Awad; Abdulal, Mohamed; & Antar, Ramadan (2023). Empowering Secondary Education Teachers to Participate in Educational Decision-Making in the People’s Republic of China and the Possibility of Benefiting from It in Egypt. Journal of Young Researchers in Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education - Sohag University, 16(16), 755-791.

Lashhab, Ahmed (2014). Educational Policy-Making in Algeria. Al-Mufakkir Journal, 11, Mohamed Kheider University of Biskra, 256-272.

Al-Agha, Nasser (2018). Perceptions of School Teachers in the Gaza Strip Governorates Regarding the Requirements for Implementing Educational Policy Strategies. Unpublished master's thesis, Islamic University, Gaza.

Al-Baghdadi, Manar (2015). Evaluating Pre-University Education Policies in Egypt. Studies in University Education, 30, 325-399, Abdel Hafid Boualouasif University, Algeria.

Juman, Najat & Ben Yahya, Ghaliya (2022). Factors Affecting Participation in Distance Education. Economic Additions Journal, 6(1), 189-208.

Hammad, Ahmed (2019). The Foundations of Educational Policy Formulation in Egypt and Its Relationship to Virtual Society Mechanisms. Unpublished master's thesis, Sohag University, Egypt.

Al-Hout, Mohamed Sabri; Al-Azizi, Ahmed Al-Rifai; Morsi, Saeed Mahmoud; & Omnia, Osama (2019). Financing University Education in Light of Economic Transformations: An Analytical Study. Educational and Psychological Studies, Faculty of Education at Zagazig University, 34(102), 43-85.

Al-Farsi, Obeidat (2019). An Analytical Study of Educational Policy in Light of Modern Educational Trends and Its Reflection on the Role of the Educational Supervisor in the Sultanate of Oman. The First Forum for Educational Supervision, Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Education.

Al-Khreisha, Nasser (2017). Political Development and Its Impact on Political Stability in Jordan. Unpublished master's thesis, Middle East University, Jordan.

Khalil, Qubaa & Al-Jubouri, Khalaf (2023). The Right to Work and Education in Totalitarian Systems. Middle East Journal for Legal and Jurisprudential Studies, 3(3), 65-82.

Al-Rahimi, Bashayer (2020). Obstacles to Implementing Human Resource Management in Education Offices in Riyadh. Journal of Young Researchers in Educational Sciences, 5(5), 1172-1217.

Zerouki, Aicha & Boumaaza, Souad (2022). The Impact of Distance Education on Performance Effectiveness in Higher Education Institutions. Unpublished master's thesis, Abdel Hafid Boualouasif University, Algeria.

Zahd, Najoud (2017). Evaluating the Policy of the Ministry of Education and Higher Education on the Feminization of Education in the First Four Elementary Grades from the Perspective of Teachers, School Principals, and Education Directors in the Northern West Bank Governorates. Unpublished master's thesis, An-Najah National University, Palestine.

Al-Samarrai, Issam (2018). The Impact of Institutional Governance Implementation on Financial Performance Evaluation in Banks: An Applied Study on a Sample of Conventional and Islamic Banks in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies, 13(45), 108-128.

Saada, Ahmed & Al-Hadhrami, Ahmed (2021). The Reality of Education Financing in Higher Education Institutions in the Sultanate of Oman and Its Challenges. Arab Studies in Education and Psychology, 135(135), 23-46.

Al-Suhaili, Mohammed (2019). Developing Educational Policies in Saudi Universities in Light of Competitiveness Requirements: A Proposed Strategy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Al-Sawat, Talq & Al-Harbi, Yasser (2022). The Impact of Digital Transformation on Academic Performance Efficiency. Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing, (43), 647-687.

Shihab, Salwa & Al-Shahri, Fatima (2020). The Reality of Human Resource Planning in the Human Resources Agency at the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia. Educational Journal, 73(2), 1241-1271.

Shala, Hoda Ibrahim Mohamed Ali; Al-Haddad, Muharram; Al-Najjar, Fareed; & Ragheb (2021). The Crisis of Relying on Business Continuity Strategies in Industrial Organizations to Face Crises. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, National Planning Institute, Cairo.

Shuaib, Maha (2016). The Role of Research Centers in Shaping Educational Reform Policies in Lebanon. Arab Future Journal in Lebanon, 39(452), 84.

Tarabulsiya, Shiraz & Fayyad, Samer (2018). The Impact of Top Management Support and Endorsement on the Flexibility of Higher Education Institutions: A Field Study on Tishreen University and the Arab Academy for Science, Technology, and Maritime Transport. Tishreen University Journal for Economic and Legal Sciences, 40(5), 115-135.

Al-Tayeb, Shahlah (2021). Flexibility. Security Policy Papers at Naif Arab University, 2(1), 1-4.

Al-Amiri, Mahdi & Al-Ghalbi, Mohsen (2003). The Balanced Scorecard as a Performance Evaluation System for Business Enterprises in the Information Age. Egyptian Journal of Business Studies, 27(3), 121-150.

Al-Abidi, Zahia (2017). Public Education Policy in the United Arab Emirates. Unpublished master's thesis, Mohamed Khider University, UAE.

Al-Imam, Salma (2017). University Education Policy-Making: A Comparative Study Between Algeria and Egypt.

Al-Nuaimi, Al-Alam (2016). The Concept of Public Policy-Making and Its Stages. Al-Ustath Journal, 11(1), 152-168.

Abdulbaqi, Azza; Ali, Fatima; Zidan, Murad; & Maawad, Hoda (2017). Virtual Higher Education Policies in Australia and Malaysia and the Possibility of Benefiting from Them in Egypt. Fayoum University Journal for Educational and Psychological Sciences, 8(4), 780-812.

Abdelrahman, Khoukhi (2016). The Arab World and the Challenges of Globalization Between Nationalism and Totalitarianism. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Algiers.

Obeid, Hanan (2015). Developing an Administrative-Educational Guide for Strategic Planning in Higher Education in Jordan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Jordan, Jordan.

Obeid, Hanan & Al-Mousawi, Mohamed (2021). The Impact of Academic Accreditation on Implementing Total Quality at the University of Jordan. Journal of Educational Studies and Research, 1(1), 221-251.

Obeidat, Suhail (2007). Educational Policy in the Arab World. Modern Book World. Jordan, Irbid.

Othman, Mona (2015). Evaluating Adult Education Policies in Cuba in Light of Competency, Justice, and Effectiveness Standards and the Possibility of Benefiting from Them in Egypt. Journal of Comparative and International Education, Egyptian Society for Comparative Education and Educational Administration, 1(2), 177-215.

Al-Thamer, Maha (2023). The Reality of Educational Supervisors’ Participation in Formulating Educational Policies in the Asir Region. Journal of Educational and Human Studies, 15(3), 499-540.

Al-Araby, Ashraf (2010). Evaluating Public Spending Policies on Education in Egypt in Light of Sufficiency, Justice, and Efficiency Standards. International Conference on Analyzing Public Spending Priorities in the Budgets of Egypt and Arab Countries.

Eid, Soad (2013). Educational Policy Planning and Contemporary Civilizational Challenges. Cairo: Anglo Egyptian Library.

Al-Ghamdi, Aaid (2022). The Reality of Applying Good Governance in Education Colleges at Saudi Universities. Journal of the Faculty of Education at Assiut University, 38(1), 211-247.

Fared, Hayat (2015). Evaluating Public Education Policy in Algeria. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Algiers.

Fanana, Hiba (2019). Evaluating the Educational Policies of the Palestinian Ministry of Education (2007-2018). Unpublished master's thesis, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza.

Qreinawe, Bassam & Salameh, Kayed (2016). The Degree of Educational Administrators’ Participation in the Ministry of Education in Jordan in Formulating Educational Policies from Their Perspective. Al-Manara Journal, 23(4), 9-35.

Marji, Dana (2018). The Effectiveness of Training Courses on the Teaching Performance of Basic Stage Teachers in Public Schools in Balqa Governorate. Educational Sciences Journal, 26(2), 215-233.

Morsi, Omar (2017). The Role of Educational Policy in Egypt in Activating the Principle of Equal Opportunities in Pre-University Education (2011-2016): An Analytical Study. Journal of the Faculty of Education at Assiut University, 33(8), 8-9.

Mustafa, Amir (2014). Human Resource Management and Its Impact on Services Within the Framework of Total Quality. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria.

Al-Manawer, Faisal & Al-Ghalban, Mona (2022). Public Policy Building (Kuwait). Arab Planning Institute, 157, 3-25.

Al-Munqash, Sarah (2006). An Analytical Study of Education Policy in Saudi Arabia and Suggestions for Its Development. King Saud University Journal, 9(1), 21-38.

Al-Khazaleh, Mohammed (2017). The Reality of Educational Policies Related to Improving Educational Research at Hashemite University from the Perspective of Faculty Members at the College of Education. Journal of the Arab Universities Union for Research in Higher Education, 37(2), 141-152.

Nerimal, Zeitonni (2016). Evaluating Educational Policy in Algeria – A Case Study of the Saida Education Directorate. Unpublished master's thesis, Taher Moulay Saida University, Algeria.

Naseer, Reham & Naseer, Ahmed (2022). Institutional Governance and Its Role in Developing the Performance of Jordanian Government Institutions. African Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (AJASHSS), 1(1), 1-10.

Hunt, Francis (2015). Reviewing National Education Policies: Quality and Educational Outcomes. UNESCO Publications Center, Futurities Journal, Cairo, 45(3), 58-60.

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research: Strategic Plan (2022-2024). Retrieved from: https://www.mohe.gov.jo/Ar/List/ (May 10, 2023).

Braimi, Walid & Othmani, Abdelrahman (2015). Higher Education Policy and Its Economic Development Implications in Algeria. Master's thesis, Dr. Moulay Taher Saida University.

Yaghi, Abdelfattah (2009). Public Policy: Theory and Practice. Cairo: Arab Administrative Development Organization, League of Arab States.

Foreign references

Abu-Hummour, A. (2020) A summative evaluation of Jordan’s poverty reduction strategy (PRS) 2013-2020: Case-in-point in socio-economic policy, J. of Poverty & Public Policy, 2020;12: 421–443. DOI: 10.1002/pop4.291.

Abu-Hummour, A. (2021) Evaluation study of Jordan’s decent work country programme (DWCP) from 2012 to 2015, International J. of Management Practice, 14(2), 217-239.

Abu-Hummour, A. and Athamneh, S. (2018) The role of committees in enhancing decision-making Process: The case of Jordanian municipalities, Dynamics of Public Administration, 35 (1), 149-162.

Abu-Hummour, A., Athamneh, S. and Al-Balas, S. (2018) TQM practices and their effect on Jordanian municipalities, International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 15(1), 29-147.

Ahmed, T., Chandran, V., Klobas, J., Liñán, F., & Kokkalis, P. (2020). Entrepreneurship education programmes: How learning, inspiration and resources affect intentions for new venture creation in a developing economy. The International Journal of Management Education, 18(1), 100-327.

Alam, A., Mohanty, A., and Alam, S. (2020). Anthropology of Education: discourses and dilemmas in analysis of educational patterns and cultural configurations towards pursuit of quality education. Journal of Archaeologyof Egypt/Egyptology, Netherlands, 17(9), 7893-7924.

Alami, R., et. al. (2015). The effectiveness of human resource management on improving the performance of education staff. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6 (5), 251-254.

Alias, N. , Awang, Z. and Muda , H. ) 2020. (Policy implementation performance of primary school leaders in Malaysia: an exploratory factor analysis, IIUM Journal of Educational Studies, 7(2):22-39

Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., & Gaillard, E. (2020). Environmental education outcomes for conservation: A systematic review. Biological conservation, 241(2020), 108244-108257

Bartuševičienė, I. & Šakalytė, E. (2013). Organizational assessment: effectiveness vs. efficiency. Social Transformations in Contemporary Society, 1(1), 45-53.

Birkland, T. (2019). An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. Routledge,UK.

Cadag, J., Petal, M., Luna, E., Gaillard, J. C., Pambid, L., & Santos, G. (2017). Hidden disasters: Recurrent flooding impacts on educational continuity in the Philippines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 25, 72-81.

Daniel, B. (2015). Big data and analytics in higher education: opportunities and challenges. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(5), 904-920.

Dunn, W. (2015). Public policy analysis. Routledge, UK.

Dye, T. (2013). Understanding public policy. Pearson, UK.

Ersoy, Y. (2021). Performance evaluation in distance education by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and TOPSIS methods. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 46(2), 1803-1817.

Gale, R., Wu, J., Erhardt, T., Bounthavong, M., Reardon, C., Damschroder, L., & Midboe, A. (2019). Comparison of rapid vs in-depth qualitative analytic methods from a process evaluation of academic detailing in the Veterans Health Administration. Implementation Science, 14(1), 1-12.

Gunn, A & Mintro, M. (2016). Higher education policy change in Europe: academic research funding and the impact agenda. Journal European education. 48(40), 241-257

Gu, L., and Lindberg, O. (2021). Understanding Swedish educational policy developments in the field of digital education. What Works in Nordic School Policies? Mapping Approaches to Evidence, Social Technologies and Transnational Influences, Springer International Publishing, 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66629-3_11

Hall, O. (2021). The education system of the Cayman Islands: successes, present challenges, and prospects for the future. The Education Systems of the Americas, 349-367. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93443-3_47-1

Henry, M., Lingard, B., Rizvi, F., & Taylor, S. (2013). Educational policy and the politics of change. Routledge.

Hill, M., and Varone, F. (2016). The public policy process. Taylor & Francis, 7th Edition, London.

Houston, D., and Hood, C. (2017). University teacher preparation programmes as a quality enhancement mechanism: evaluating impact beyond individual teachers’ practice. Quality in Higher Education, 23(1), 65-78.

Huang, R. Liu, D. Tlili, A., Yang, J. & Wang, H. (2020). Handbook on facilitating flexible learning during educational disruption: The Chinese experience in maintaining undisrupted learning in COVID-19 outbreak. Beijing: Smart Learning Institute of Beijing Normal University, Beijing.

Ignacio, L., Cristobal, A. and David, P. (2022) Impact of policy implementation on education quality: a case study on Philippines’ low ranking in international and local assessment programs. Asian Journal on Perspectives in Education (AJPE), Online ISSN: 2799-1296 AJPE (2022), 3, (1),41-55

John, P. (2013). Analyzing public policy. Routledge,UK.

Jeonjwoo, Lee. (2013). Creating world-class Universities: implications for developing countries. Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, 43(2), 233-249

Keating, C., Katina, P., & Bradley, J. (2014). Complex system governance: concept, challenges, and emerging research. International Journal of System of Systems Engineering, 5(3), 263-288.

Kolomitro, K., and Anstey, L. (2017) A survey on evaluation practices in teaching and learning centres. International Journal for Academic Development, 22(3), 186-198.

Lamb, S., Huo, S., Walstab, A., Wade, A., Maire, Q., Doecke, E., & Endekov, Z. (2020). Educational Opportunity in Australia 2020: Who succeeds and who misses out, Victoria University Publishing, Australia.

Leo, S., Alsharari, N. Abbas, J., & Alshurideh, M. (2021). From offline to online learning: A qualitative study of challenges and opportunities as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UAE higher education context. The effect of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on business intelligence, 203-217.

Lopez-Torres, L, Prior, D. & Santín, D. (2019). Assessing the effect of educational programs on public schools’ performance, Applied Economics, 51(48), 5205-5226.

Madani, R. (2019). Analysis of Educational Quality, a Goal of Education for All Policy. Higher Education Studies, 9(1), 100-109.

Mahmut, Ö. (2020). Educational policy actions by the Ministry of National Education in the times of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 28 (3), 1124-1129.

Machin S., and McNlly S. (2011). The Evaluation of English Education Policies Center for the Economics of Education, London School of Economics.

Ministry of Education - Cayman Islands Government (2018) Cayman Islands Strategic Plan for Education 2012-2017. http://www.legislativeassembly.ky/ (accessed April 28, 2023)

Ministry of Education - Republic of Rwanda (2023) Education Sector Strategic Plan 2018/19 to 2023/24 Final Draft. https://www.mineduc.gov.rw/ (accessed April 28, 2023)

Ministry of Education-UAE (2017). Ministry of Education Strategic Plan 2017-2021: National Education Strategic Plan 2011– 2030, https://www.moe.gov.ae (accessed May 17, 2023)

Mira-Galvañ M., and Gilar-Corbi R. (2020) Design, Implementation and Evaluation of an Emotional Education Program: Effects on Academic Performance. Front Psychol. 2020 May 28;11:1100. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01100.

Mugiraneza, J. (2021). Digitalization in Teaching and Education in Rwanda. The Report, 28. International Labour Office, Geneva

O’Donnell, C.(2018). Productivity and efficiency analysis. Singapore, Springer Singapore.

Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step By Step Guide To Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. Routledge, UK.

Pyone, T., Smith, H., and van den Broek, N. (2017). Frameworks to Assess Health Systems Governance: A Systematic Review. Health Policy and Planning, 32(5), 710-722.

Reimers, F. and Schleicher, A. (2020). A framework to guide an education response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020 (Vol. 14, No. 04). Paris: OECD

Sayfullaev, N. (2019). Current Issues on Fine ARTS Education: Continuity and Prospects for Development. Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, 4(20), 192-194.

Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, Jhon Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York.

Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach. Jhon Wiley and Sons Ltd: United Kingdom.

Sh, M., Toshtemirova, S., Ahmadjonov, B., & Koshanova, N. (2020). Structure and Mechanisms of Action of the Educational Cluster. International Journal of Psychological Rehabilitation, 24(07), 8104-8111.

Shaikh, F. Luhar, S., Arel, H. & Luhar, I. (2020). Performance evaluation of Ultrahigh performance fibre reinforced concrete: a review. Construction and Building Materials, 232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117152

Steiu, M. (2020). Blockchain in education: Opportunities, applications, and challenges. First Monday, 25 (9), 1-33.

Shukarov, M & Maric, K. (2016). Institution education and innovation and their impact on economic growth. Journal Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems. 14(2(.157-164

Taamneh, M., Abu-Hummour, A. and Al-Quroan, N. (2020). Local Decision-Making Within the Concept of Governance in Jordan. Middle East J. Management. 7 (2), 109-131.

Taamneh, M., Rawabdeh, M. and Abu-Hummour, M. (2020) Evaluation of decentralization experience through political, administrative, and fiscal indicators: The case of Jordan, J. of Public Affairs, 19 (2):2020, e2026

Taylor, M. (2011). Public policy in the community. Bloomsbury Publishing, UK.

UAE Ministry of Education (2022): Strategic Plan 2017-2021: retrived from https://www.moe.gov.ae/En/Pages/home.aspx (acessed April 2nd 2023).

Viennet, R. and Pont, B. (2017) Education policy implementation: a literature review and proposed framework, OECD Education Working Paper No. 162 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.

Wajdi, M. Kuswandi, I., Al Faruq, U., Zulhijra, Z., Khairudin, K., & Khoiriyah, K. (2020). Education policy overcome coronavirus, a study of Indonesians. EDUTEC: Journal of Education And Technology, 3(2), 96-106.

Wheeler, L. and Bach, D. (2021) Understanding the impact of educational development interventions on classroom instruction and student success, International Journal for Academic Development, 26:1, 24-40, DOI: 10.1080/1360144X.2020.1777555

Wu, X., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Fritzen, S. A. (2017). The public policy primer: Managing the policy process. Routledge, UK.

Ybema, J. F.; van Vuuren, T., & van Dam, K. (2020). HR practices for enhancing sustainable employability: implementation, use, and outcomes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31 (7), 886-907.

Zikmund, W. (2006) Business Research Methods, 6 ed. San Diego, The Dryden Press